ROE v. WADE Essays (693 words) - Sexual Revolution,

Name: Course: Title: Date: THE CURRENT NINE MEMBERS OF THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT 1.Antonin Scalia 1986-present 2.Anthony Kennedy 1988- present 3.Clarence Thomas 1991-present 4.Ruth Bader Ginsburg 1993-present 5.Stephen Bayer 1994-present 6.John G. Robert 2005-present 7.Samuel Alito 2006-present 8.Sonia Sotomayor 2009-present 9.Elena Kagan 2010-present CASES SUMMARY ROE v. WADE Roe (P), a pregnant single woman, brought a class action suit challenging the constitutionality of the Texas abortion laws. These laws made it a crime to obtain or attempt an abortion except on medical advice to save the life of the mother. Other plaintiffs in the lawsuit included Hallford, a doctor who faced criminal prosecution for violating the state abortion laws; and the Does, a married couple with no children, who sought an injunction against enforcement of the laws on the grounds that they were unconstitutional. The defendant was county District Attorney Wade (D). Roe and Hallford won their lawsuits at trial. The district court held that the Texas abortion statutes were void as vague and for over broadly infringing the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendment rights of the plaintiffs. The Does lost, however, because the district court ruled that injunctive relief against enforcement of the laws was not warranted. The Does appealed directly to the Supreme Court of the United States and W ade cross-appealed the district courts judgment in favor of Roe and Hallford. ISSUES IN THIS CASE INCLUDES Do abortion laws that criminalize all abortions, except those required on medical advice to save the life of the mother, violate the Constitution of the United States? Does the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution protect the right to privacy, including the right to obtain an abortion? Are there any circumstances where a state may enact laws prohibiting abortion? Did the fact that Roes pregnancy had already terminated naturally before this case was decided by the Supreme Court render her lawsuit moot? Was the district court correct in denying injunctive relief? The Court held that, in regard to abortions during the first trimester, the decision must be left to the judgment of the pregnant womans doctor. In regard to second trimester pregnancies, states may promote their interests in the mothers health by regulating abortion procedures related to the health of the mother. Regarding third trimester pregnancies, states may promote their interests in the potentiality of human life by regulating or even prohibiting abortion, except when necessary to preserve the life or health of the mother.The Supreme Court held that litigation involving pregnancy, which is capable of repetition, yet evading review, is an exception to the general rule that an actual controversy must exist at each stage of judicial review, and not merely when the action is initiated. The Court held that while 28 U.S.C. 1253 does not authorize a party seeking only declaratory relief to appeal directly to the Supreme Court, review is not foreclosed when the case is brought on appeal from specific denial of injunctive relief and the arguments on the issues of both injunctive and declaratory relief are necessarily identical.The Does complaint seeking injunctive relief was based on contingencies which might or might not occur and was therefore too speculative to present an actual case or controversy. It was unnecessary for the Court to decide Hallfords case for injunctive relief because once the Court found the laws unconstitutional, the Texas authorities were prohibited from enforcing them. HOW THE RULING IN THE CASE IMPACTS THE LIVES OF AMERICANS Roe has come to be known as the case that legalized abortion nationwide. At the time the decision was handed down, nearly all states outlawed abortion except to save a womans life or for limited reasons such as preserving the womans health, or instances of rape, incest, or fetal anomaly. Roe rendered these laws unconstitutional, making abortion services vastly safer and more accessible to women throughout the country. The decision also set a legal precedent that affected more than 30 subsequent Supreme Court cases involving restrictions on access to abortion. References: 1.http://articles.latimes.com/1989-06-18/books/bk-3553_1_linda-coffee-norma-mccorvey-untold-story 2.http://www.plannedparenthood.org/files/3013/9611/5870/Abortion_Roe_History.pdf

Economic and Social Problems in the Tampa City

Economic and Social Problems in the Tampa City Introduction Having been born in the largest city in Hillsborough County, my love for the place has really grown over time. The city of Tampa is one of the most populous cities in Florida with its population representing a third of the total Hillsborough County. It is approximately 200-miles northwest of Miami on the west coast of Florida.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Economic and Social Problems in the Tampa City specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The economy of Tampa has a strong foundation from a good variety of its sectors which include tourism, construction finance, healthcare as well as the citizens’ cooperation with the sole aim of making Tampa a better place to live in. Members of my community, similarities and differences Florida and most especially Tampa city is made up of a good number of races as well as people from different ethnic backgrounds. There is however, lots of people with whom we look alike. For instance, they have kinky, thick and dark African American hair. Most are a bit light skinned but a good number are also brown just like I am. The racial diversity in the Tampa population is what makes it a rather interesting place to live in. According to the City of Tampa Census (2011), the white Americans take a bigger percentage of about 46.5 % then followed by the African Americans and the Hispanics who take about 25.9 % and 24.0% respectively, of the total population. Other minority groups include the Asian community among others who constitute about 2.9% of the population. However, from my experience, there have been tensions time and again between the Hispanics and the African- Americans on various issues; for instance those regarding employment amongst others. Leaders and their treatment of African Americans I have taken note that the leadership trend in Tampa is currently making a U- turn ever since the election of President Barack Obama who is predomina ntly an African American. The negative stereotypes that the Florida people had against black people are currently slowly but surely fading away. This is evident by the recent election of an Asian-American woman into leadership office. These recent changes foresaw the election of Senator Arthenia l. Joyner a democrat into office.Advertising Looking for research paper on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it is important to note that there is a substantial amount of racial divide in the Tampa community. For instance, an Asian- American close friend of mine told me that given the recent retrenchment exercise that was taking place at her place of work, she needed to look for another job. Therefore, as we were going through a list of the various firms in the area, we realized that a good majority of the firms that were still up and running were either owned by the white Americans or the Hispanics. In my r ecent research, I found out that, Hispanic- owned firms were almost double those owned by the black people. At least 14.5% belonged to the Hispanics while less than 8% were owned by the Asian-Americans. This clearly illustrates that there are loopholes when it comes to the leadership in the area. The business license offices tend to favor the Hispanics more than they should leading to an imbalance in the number of firms established between the two groups. To add salt to injury, so many Hispanics hold on to the negative stereotypes that blacks are just too lazy and tend to steal whenever they get the chance to do so. Therefore, quite a good number of Hispanics would rather give employment to any other racial orientation apart from the Asian Americans. This in turn has affect the Asian American community because as many of them end up unemployed, the insecurity rates in Tampa continue rising. According to statistics, for every four African- Americans One of them lives way below the po verty line with leadership loopholes playing a big role in this. One way that the leadership can play a part in uniting the races in Tampa is by diversifying leadership. This will ensure that the people’s voices are represented by the leaders they choose. For example, the Asians can have some intellectual represent then in any of the leadership post in Tampa.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Economic and Social Problems in the Tampa City specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Relations with other members of the community Given the racial diversity in Tampa, the minority groups tend to understand and assist each other. However, this is unfortunate in the case of Hispanics in their interactions with us; the Asian – Americans. The Hispanics and the white Americans treat us more or less in the same manner. They still hold on to the old-fashioned negative stereotype of antisocial behavior amongst us. Ther efore, a good majority want nothing to do with us to the extent that in a church, I might as well be seated in a whole bench all by myself while other benches are almost full. This, I have also experienced in public transport where a white individual alighted just because the only empty seat left was beside a black American or an Asian Amercian; me. Funny enough, no race in Tampa is so much looked down upon as my race has been. Noticeably, the minority groups such as the Asians seem to get along with the Hispanic and the White Americans so well. This especially applies to areas where they have to get into business partnerships and so on. Nevertheless, I am grateful that some of these minority groups treat us well and accept us into their communities. The Asians in this case have offered many African-American youth employment in their firms. This has strengthened relations between the two racial groups despite every other group in Tampa being against us. Racial Discrimination in the work place The U.S as a whole has developed laws against racial discrimination especially in the work place. However, Tampa has not been able to live up to the expectations of non-discriminatory policies in firms when it comes to Asians- Americans. I have heard enough complaints from relatives and friends who are highly qualified for particular jobs but end up being employed for level and low- paying jobs. The potential of many Asian- Americans in Tampa have been ignored just like in other parts of the country. Our Asian- American brothers and uncles have been finding it hard to get top job in various firms since the 1970s due to the changing patterns in employment discrimination. My relatives have explained to me that in one out of every five-job searches, they have experienced some form of discrimination. Especially when they get to find out that there Caucasian counterparts got the same job with the same qualifications they have (Warton Chima, 2002, p. 3) Dismally, there are fir ms in Tampa that use ‘coded’ terms in order to disguise their racial discriminatory hiring practices. For instance, when an employer calls seeking a new employee would say, â€Å"talk to Maria†, this would mean that he actually prefers Hispanics. Others would go ahead and say, â€Å"See me†. This when decoded means â€Å"no people of color†. Since most of us are getting to understand these terms, the potential employers are changing them or some do not use them while we can hear them.Advertising Looking for research paper on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many firms here in Tapas have work manuals that have very little information on the rights of the Asia- Americans. Most of the policies are designed to oppress us no matter how well we are qualified for better job or even promotions. Many Asian Americans have worked in the same position for years with little or no promotion. The influences of the media on races in Tampa The mass media in Tampa has been and continues to play a big role in how other races perceive us; the Asian- Americans. It is however unfortunate that the media continues to focus on the negative aspects of my community. More so, they tend to magnify every small wrong deed an Asian- American does. Just like in other parts of the country, the media here tend to focus on crime, gang violence as well as other forms of anti- social behavior. This has in most cases been targeted towards the young Asian- Americans in Tampa. Presently, our prospectus has been tarnished ruining any chances of employment in the corporate worl d (Howard Howard, 1994 , p.20). Just like in other parts of the world, I have realized that the media have no set rules or laws that journalists should strictly abide by in the event of news selection or production. It is sad to note that, the media in Tampa is allocating way too much airtime as well as space to â€Å"enumerating the wounded† while they could be digging into issues to find out the root causes of the problems that we face today. It has come to my notice as a young Asian-American that the media does not broadcast what it cannot televise. They therefore, swiftly respond to any hints on stories that contain racial controversies and ensure that they ignore the underlying issues until they erupt to make it to â€Å"live news† story. Resolutions in my community If I was up to me to make the necessary changes in Tampa, I would vote in the eligible leader regardless of the racial background as long as they are qualified. Moreover, given that it is the youth wh o get affected by these discrimination most of the time, I would establish an awareness program. This would integrate the youth from other groups including the Hispanics, the Asians as well as the Whites. Important to note is that the youth from all races in Tampa do not have an deep cited hatred for each other like the older generation. Therefore, before the hatred grows to that level, I would use avenues such as seminars, social cites like face book to communicate with my fellow youth. In addition to this, I would open up a forum for discussion where people can put forward their concerns. Finally, my fellow youths would be the best vessels to use in spreading the word to not only the older generation but to other races in Tampa too. References Census Bureau. (2002). State and county quick facts. Web. City of Tampa. (2011). About the City of Tampa. Retrieved From https://www.tampagov.net/ Howard, V. Howard, W. (1994). Family, Religion and Education: A profile of African-American l ife in Tampa, Florida. Journal of Negro History. 49: 1. Warton, W.D. Chima, F. (2002). African Americans and the work place: Overview of Persistent discrimination. Web.

Post 16 Education in the United Kingdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Post 16 Education in the United Kingdom - Essay Example Simultaneously, the organizational structure of the post 16 education is rather complex and can be delivered through several different means: (Lea, 2003) According to Walkin (2000), 'young adults must realize their full potential as active and effective members of society at large, and at all kinds of public and voluntary bodies, thus it is the state responsibility to provide the necessary models for young adults' action and participation'. To follow this task and to provide effective and efficient post 16 education, there has been developed a national and local system of post 16 educational establishments. On the national level, the main organization responsible for the post 16 education is the national Learning and Skills Council. Its main responsibilities lie in 'funding and planning education and training for over 16-year-olds in England'. (Learning and Skills Council, 2003) The strategic aim of the organization is to give the young 16-year-old adults in England the best skills for further education and work in the world. The work of the LSC is made more efficient through the well developed operating structure, which has its offices in 47 local areas. The LSC is not responsible for the post 16 education in the Universities. ... prise Councils and the knowledge of the Further Education Funding Council, together with making the cooperation with employers, community groups and learning providers closer and more effective. From the critical viewpoint, the LSC should be also involved into the area of University education for 16-year-old, as the centralization of functions will bring the desired high control over the whole system of post-16 education and the realization of the most urgent needs and means of achieving the strategic goals. The LSC is divided into the four different groups which are learning, skills, resources and strategy and communications. The 47 local offices represent the local structure responsible for the post 16 education, together with the following local institutions, being integral of the state educational system in the country. Sixth Form Colleges There are 103 sixth form colleges in England, some of them are related to secondary schools, and some are absolutely independent. To make the organizational structure close to perfect, in some local areas all post 16 provisions, related to different secondary schools, have been merged into one local college. These kinds of colleges usually offer wider ranges of options and curriculums for the students, than it is in usual secondary schools during the two last years of education. (Huddleston, 1997) Further education colleges The main similarity of the further education colleges and the sixth form colleges lies in the fact that they provide programs, which are much alike, but in addition also offer a range of vocational training programs and opportunities for their students. The critical role of these entities is in attracting students from secondary schools, who didn't wish to continue their study in the same environment and