Oliver Cromwell Hero or Villian Essay Example for Free

Oliver Cromwell Hero or Villian Essay Hero = good guy, who did good things, and made life better for all of us. Lots of people (including me) say this. Things we mention to prove it include: 1. He set up the New Model Army which won the Civil War.. 2. He defeated the Scots AND the Irish. 3. He got people to behead the king, and made Parliament the ruler of the kingdom he is sometimes called the daddy of democracy. Hows about that for a hero? 4. He abolished bear-baiting, and punished drunkenness. 5. He allowed Jews to return to start living in England (in this he was way ahead of his time). . He built up the British navy this was the start of Britannia rules the waves. 7. He captured Jamaica from the Spanish the beginning of the British Empire. 8. He was a good, decent family man, who enjoyed a joke and was kind to his children. Villain = bad guy, who did bad things, and made life worse for everybody. Some silly, mistaken people say this. This they mention are: 1. He signed the order that put Charles I to death (and some daft people think this was a bad thing) 2. He took power straight after the Civil War. He made himself Lord Protector and used army officers called Major Generals to rule the country (ie he turned Britain for a time into a military dictatorship) 3. He introduced laws to make people behave in a Christian way some people say he was a killjoy. 4. He put down a rebellion in ireland very cruelly (especially he allowed his soldiers to massacre the Irish soliders when he captured the towns of Drogheda and Wexford).

Essay on John Milton’s Paradise Lost - Defense for the Allegory of Sin

Defense for the Allegory of Sin and Death in Paradise Lost Milton claims his epic poem Paradise Lost exceeds the work of his accomplished predecessors. He argues that he tackles the most difficult task of recounting the history of not just one hero, but the entire human race. However, he does not appear to follow the conventional rules of an epic when he introduces an allegory into Paradise Lost through his portrayal of Sin and Death in Book II. Some readers denounce his work for this inconsistency, but others justify his action and uncover extremely important symbolism from this "forbidden" literal device. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines an epic "a long narrative poem in elevated style recounting the deeds of a legendary or historical hero" ("epic," def. 1) and allegory as "the expression by means of symbolic fictional figures and actions of truths or generalizations about human existence" ("allegory," def. 1). Based on these definitions, it is unclear whether allegories fit into a true epic. From one perspective, such extended symbolism is not appropriate because it relies on "fictional figures" whereas an epic is based on a "historical hero". For this reason, some readers may dislike Milton’s extended symbolism of Sin and Death since it violates the traditional form of an epic. However From another point of view, an allegory is an acceptable literary component to an epic because it is considered an element of "elevated style". Therefore, other readers may see nothing wrong with Milton’s literary decision. Milton’s poetic license entitles him to write as he pleases and therefore justifies his adaptation of an allegory into his epic. It is clearly apparent that Milton recognizes this privilege when... ...ilton relies heavily on the Bible for much of his information. With Milton’s timeframe and era for writing Paradise Lost in mind, we can justify his choice to incorporate an allegory into his epic. Allegories present meanings on two levels, one literal and the other hidden, which often expresses a moral or idea produced by the author. With this in mind, the allegory is key to understanding many parts of Paradise lots since Milton addresses so many issues in this one scene. Within the allegory alone, we discover extensive symbolism and wonder if there are more details to be uncovered each time we study the epic. Milton effectively elicits his readers’ attention by raising such controversy and holds our fascination with his intriguing hidden ideas, meanings, and symbolic relationships. Works Cited Milton, John. Paradise Lost. New York: W.W. Norton, 1993. Â  

Males and females

Much research studies had focused on the behavior of male delinquency. However, there has been a steady rise of juvenile female offenders as well as on the criminal justice system. Media has sensationalized the account of female violence. The rise in number of arrests however, can also be attributed to changes in policies in police practices, rather than a drastic change in women’s behavior. Most of these arrests were assault-related. While former juvenile offenses were once labeled as non-criminal offenses such as a girl being hit by a mother shoves her in self-defense and runs away from home. Whereas such an offense would be labeled before as â€Å"runaway† offense, today this might cause her to be charged of assault, which is a criminal offense. However, in criminal offenses such as robbery, female youths had been seen as becoming more involved in what used to be a predominantly male offense. Youth status, especially among urban girls is a causal factor for most of such crime. Pop culture among adolescents places great importance on high-end branded clothes, latest electronic gadgets, ‘looks’ that try to imitate Hollywood celebrities and fashion models, which had placed greater pressure on growing adolescents for peer acceptance. Youth pop culture has greatly caused an obvious division among differences in economic status, and the desire to â€Å"keep up the Joneses’† breeds the environment for some youths to victimize their own peers in order to buy the â€Å"desirable† goods which they would not have been able to afford otherwise. Other studies had also attributed thrill and excitement as robbery-causing factors among youths who were inclined to ‘show-off’. Although there are less occurrences of female robberies than among males, both has expressed the same motivation for committing the crime, and that is to acquire more money in order to have goods that bestow high status among peers. Female youth offenders were less likely to use weapons compared to males, and is much more characterized by harassing and hijacking youths of lesser age for petty amounts of cash and in some cases, jewelry. It has also been found that there is also a high correlation between poor relationships with mother-daughter which causes an increase among female adolescents to seek peer reputation which in turn becomes a contributing factor for female delinquency (Kerperlman & Smith-Adcock. â€Å"Female Adolescents’ Delinquent Activity†) A comparative study between male and female offenses however has shown that there is a significant difference between their criminal activities. Young men were more likely to resort to use weapons (guns) than girls. Knives were more of girls’ choice of weapon if they do resort to using one. Female offenders were more likely to commit murder because of conflict rather than during the act of other crime such as robbery. Assaults done by girls are more frequently done against one’s own family members. Males are more often arrested for more serious crimes such as rape, homicide, or burglary than young females. While there is a growing belief that female behavior has greatly changed among offenders today, suggesting that girls are taking over more masculine-related crimes, the offenses of male and female youth delinquency had both risen; therefore change of behavior cannot solely be blamed on changes of female youth behavior but changes on the over-all young population in ge neral. There is also no evidence that female offenders gained an increase of status among male peers since such offenses were done mostly among female younger victims (J. Weiler. â€Å"Girls and Violence†). Reference: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kerpelman, J & Smith-Adcock S.   â€Å"Female Adolescents’ Delinquent Activity†. Vol. 37, No. 2, 176-200. 2005 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chesney-Lind M, Paramore V. â€Å"Are Girls Getting More Violent?: Exploring Juvenile Robbery Trends†. 1998 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cited by Weiler, J. â€Å"Girls and Violence†. ERIC Digest, No. 143. http://www.ericdigests.org/1999-4/girls.htm         

Essay about The Death Penalty What if Theyre Innocent

The death penalty has been around for several around for several years but consists of flaws. The death penalty is costly, it does not deter crime, it has not ended wrongful executions, it goes against almost every religion, abuses human rights, has been persuaded by the types of jury, and can be affected by terrible lawyers. The first death penalty in the United States occurred in the early 1600’s. The colonies used public hangings as a deterrent for children and adults. A public sermon would be given at these public displays. The sermon was for the presumed guilty to find God before dying in hopes they receive absolution. During the Medieval times, Europeans burned people at the stake for practicing witchcraft. The colonies chose†¦show more content†¦Expert witnesses are paid for their testimonies for each side regarding tests, mental competency, etc. The costs are the same whether or not the case is won. Death penalty does not deter crime. Rehabilitation and corporal punishment exist to protect society from criminals. It is believed that many criminals do not anticipate the penalty of their actions at the time they are committing the crime. Laws do not and cannot deter the mentally ill or the mentally underdeveloped from committing crimes because they do not comprehend the nature of the crime or foresee the consequences. Most crimes are committed in the heat of passion. Most people would not commit these crimes in their â€Å"normal† state of mind; they have to be provoked, excited, etc. Police and other law enforcement agents will continue to question a suspect if they state they understand their right to remain silent even if he or she has a mental health history. Police interrogations are created to mislead suspects and to get a confession. This pressure sometimes pressures â€Å"normal† people to confess or become confused about the details. Officers infer that they want to help the suspect, exaggerate about t he evidence against them, and emphasize the consequences if they confessed compared to continue to deny that they are guilty. Unless suspects refused to talk without a lawyer being present they are in danger of false confessing. Miranda rightsShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On The Death Penalty833 Words   |  4 Pages The death penalty may seem harsh, but its more than necessary in our country. This punishment deters other criminals and other crimes from happening. Innocent lives will be saved if we execute vile criminals with this punishment since they can no longer hurt or terrorize others. Criminals deserve to have their life taken since theyve taken others and their rights. The death penalty is necessary since it deters criminals, save others, and make criminals pay for what theyve done. Seeing otherRead MoreThe Death Penalty Was The Babylonian King Hammurabi1539 Words   |  7 PagesName: Victoria Ming Topic: The Death Penalty I. Intro/Background A. History: 1. An early supporter of the death penalty was the Babylonian King Hammurabi. In his set of laws, he set the legal punishment â€Å"an eye for an eye†. This popular phrase was used to punish criminals with death for 25 crimes, although murder was not one of them. 2. By the 10th Century BC, hanging, drowning, boiling, and burning, were added as ways for punishing simple crimes, or even for actions that today would not be consideredRead MoreKoch Body Paragraphs860 Words   |  3 Pageseventually became the gutsy mayor of New York between 1978 and 1989. In his essay â€Å"Death and Justice†, he addresses common arguments liberals make against the death penalty. According to Koch, â€Å"Life is indeed precious.... had the death penalty been a real possibility in the minds of these murderers, they might well have stayed their hand† (3). Koch wants to guide his readers to see that the justice system is failing innocent people whose lives are of tremendous value. He undeniably stirs things up forRead MoreCapital Punishment Essay966 Words   |  4 Pagesdeterrent to murder, but that is because these people don’t look at it as it is applied. According to retributivists such as Kant and Van Den Haag the guilty deserves to be pu nished. On the other hand, people against the death penalty like Bedau think that the death penalty is just as much an effective deterrent as life in prison. The most famous retributivist Kant, states that the guilty ought to get punished because they chose to act wrongly, and by punishing them, we are respecting themRead MoreDeath Penalty Is The Act Of Executing Someone Of A Capital Crime920 Words   |  4 PagesThe death penalty is the act of executing someone of a capital crime. A capital crime is defined as murder or betrayal of one’s country. Since about July 1, 2015 the United States thirty-one states have legalized the death penalty leaving nineteenth states remaining illegal. Death should not be the resolution to any problem regardless of what the situation was.(mixed sentence). As humans, we make mistakes throughout our lives and that is how we learn from them. In many cases, death penalty simplyRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified923 Words   |  4 PagesOne hundred sixty-eight innocent people, including nineteen children were brutally killed. On April 9, 1995, Timothy McVeigh vengefully bombed the Alfred P. Murrah federal building in Oklahoma City (Gorman). He never expressed any remorse for his actions. In an interview with The Guardian, McVeigh states, â€Å"If I’m wrong then I’ll adapt, improvise and overcome. But if there is a hell, then I’ll be in good company with a lot of fighter pilots who also had to bomb innocents to win the war,† (Gorman)Read MoreOut Of The 50 States, 26 Of Them Have Had At Least One1549 Words   |  7 PagesOut of the 50 states, 26 of them have had at least one death row execution. American people (approximately 65%) say that they are still strong supporters in the Death Penalty. That is over half of the American population, for the Death Penalty. One may argue that it is a horrible way of giving people what they deserve; however, those people may not see the mistakes these people have made, making them not agree with this act. As this may be a contradiction, capital punishments is one of the life learningRead MoreShould The Us Stop U sing The Death Penalty?1599 Words   |  7 Pagesusing the death penalty? Capital punishment is a legal authorization to kill someone for a crime they have committed. The death penalty has been the highest form of criminal punishment in the American judicial system since the 13 colonies. It has taken the form of hanging, stoning, drowning, burning, beheading, gassing, electrocution, and injection. The taking of a man s life as penance for criminal behavior is wrong. The moral injustice of murder, the cruelty of execution, and the death of innocentRead MoreEssay about Banning the Death Penalty531 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Any last words?† is the sentence that is given to the people who are about to be put to death. Many prisoners in the past have been known to be killed before they were proven innocent. Many documented cases where DNA testing showed that innocent people were put to death by the government. This sometimes happens because there are defendants who are given minimal legal attention by often minor qualified individuals. The government has made many mistakes which are being wrong about convicting someoneRead MoreCountries that Apply The Death Penalty1160 Words   |  5 Pages The freedom to live Up to today, 36 countries apply the death penalty, also called the capital punishment. It is the irredeemable approval of the government to take the lives of people who have done irreparable crimes. In other words, it means that people are taking away the lives of other people in order to punish them for having done extreme actions. But the death penalty does not castigate a convicted person who has done something extremely bad for example like murdering someone; rather it frees

Jamaica and Its New Experience - 663 Words

The government of Jamaica has announced that it hopes to gain major foreign investment and create many jobs through the development of a ‘logistics hub’. The government believes that Jamaica’s geographical position will allow it to become an important part of the global value chain by serving at least some of the estimated 12,500 ships that will be passing through the Panama Canal as of 2015. According to information published on the government’s official website: With major investments and global partnerships, Jamaica will become: †¢ The transhipment and air cargo logistics hub of the Western Hemisphere †¢ The Caribbean’s strategic handling point for bulk commodities †¢ The Latin America and Caribbean centre for aviation-related†¦show more content†¦They pointed out that Jamaica was seeking to become the site of the fourth global logistic hub, the other three being located in Singapore, Dubai in the United Arab Emirates and Rotterdam in the Netherlands. On April 30, 2013, Prime Minister Portia Simpson Miller announced that Principal of the Mona Campus of the University of the West Indies, Professor Gordon Shirley, would chair the National Task Force, to coordinate the development of the range of infrastructural elements leading to the establishment of the Logistics Hub. Professor Shirley was subsequently appointed as Head of the Port Authority of Jamaica in September 2013. As the year drew to a close it became apparent that government was intent on going ahead with the establishment of the Logistics Hub ad Goat Island and that the Chinese engineering firm China Harbour Engineering Company (CHEC) was the front runner to carry out the project. In September 2013, the PM stressed that the country needed an economic game changer and that the US$1.5 billion dollars of investment attached to the Hub could be that game changer. She cautioned that delays could derail the discussions taking place with the proposed investors. Speaking to a large group of business people, she recognised the environmental issues raised by the project and announced the commissioning of a study to evaluate the environmental impact with a view containing and minimising negative environmental impact. TheShow MoreRelated Jamaica Essay1199 Words   |  5 Pagesknown to its natives as â€Å"Xaymeca†, has come a long way in becoming the independent nation known today as Jamaica. In the Sea of many islands known as the West Indies, Jamaica stands peaceful, welcoming tourist and expanding rapidly. From an early age my passion for the island and its culture has grown strong. From a brief history, through a look into the present day culture and society of Jamaica, my fascination with the island will bares true meaning. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Between the brokenRead MoreUnderstanding, Valuing, And Accepting Cultural Diversity1724 Words   |  7 Pageshad with my culture. The subject was a friend of mine that I have known for about six years. She was more than happy to be a part of the interview and more importantly for me, it was a good learning experience. She was born in Jamaica to her Chinese parents. Her family left China and moved to Jamaica to escape communism, and later moved to the United States to expand the family business. She is in her mid- 50’s, married and mother of two adolescent boys. We started the interview by her trying toRead MoreThe â€Å"Price Of Memory†, Directed By Karen Mafundikwa, Is1431 Words   |  6 PagesThe â€Å"Price of Memory†, Directed by Karen Mafundikwa, is a remarkable film that follows the Rastafari group within Jamaica and their petition for reparations from Queen Elizabeth, and the British Government. Initially when beginning this film , the director envisions taking part of the irony, that Queen Elizabeth was visiting one of her former colonialized nation. However, after taking a further in-depth view of the history regarding the island, the director felt there was indeed a story, still needingRead MoreReflection Paper On Excursion In Jamaica1538 Words   |  7 Pagesexcited to experience something new. We decided to drive to Galveston Tx. where we would port from to begin our week long journey. We were at sea for four days and docked three days. The destinations we chose were on the Western Caribbean; Cozumel, Grand Cayman and Jamaica. All of our excursions were exciting and new experiences for all of us however, Jamaica was by far the most adventurous. We were contemplating booking an excursion at every stop and decided to â€Å"wing it† in Jamaica. We wereRead MoreThe Interpretive Design For High School Students Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophical interpretations and explanations of the data collected. A basic interpretive study focuses on how individuals interpret their experiences; create their worlds, and the meanings they attribute to their experiences. Consequently, the overall purpose is to understand how high school students interpret their experiences and whether or not those experiences have adequately prepared or inhibited their transition into undergraduate programs. The limitations of my research design is in the collectionRead MoreEssay about Girl/Woman Work Socio-Historical Critique1439 Words   |  6 Pagesa work of literature. Life experiences, life choices, political events, time periods, or even time eras. In lieu of this concept it can be assumed that an interesting life may produce interesting poetry or stories. Two phenomenal women, Maya Angelou and Jamaica Kincaid portray two different points of view in their works of literature. A lot of things can contribute to their differences, but in particularly their upbringing is a major cause of their variances. In Jamaica Kincaid’s â€Å"Girl,† a young girlRead MoreGateway to Sexual Attraction1235 Words   |  5 PagesSexual attraction and colorism has been synonymous as early as British colonialism and more contemporarily in newspaper ads dating back to the 1950s (Charles 2003). Trauma, as defined by Merriam-Webster online, is a very difficult or unpleasant experience that c auses someone to have mental or emotional problems usually for a long time (Merriam Webster). Skin bleaching is a byproduct of deep-seated and haunting identity trauma inflicted by Europeans through slavery and colonialism of the AmericasRead MoreComparison Between Jamaica and India1742 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: JAMAICA INDIA: A COMPARISON Jamaica India: A Comparison Abstract The paper provides a comparative analysis of Jamaica and India. Several important aspects of each countrys culture and history are examined. The paper assesses the risk and the advantage of conducting business with countries with histories of imperial rule and civil struggle. After providing a brief, yet comprehensive view of each country, the paper ultimately concludes that any business conducted with any countryRead MoreAfrican Americ A Transformation For Blacks1390 Words   |  6 Pagesthe battle for equally for all African American. Their movement, marches and voices made changes that in any case influences the African American group today in a positive light. Marcus Mosiah Garvey was born in St. Ann s Bay parish of St. Ann, Jamaica on August 17, 1887. He spent his adolescence in St. Ann s Bay, St. Ann and went to primary school there also. At this particular point in Garvey s life he resembled numerous other youthful young people. In spite of the fact that he knew he was huedRead MoreInterview : A Middle Aged, Black, Jamaican Woman1706 Words   |  7 Pages her attempts to return to school, as well as many other things. What I had never asked Lorna, though, and what we had never talked about, were her experiences as a foreigner, black women trying to find her place in the predominantly white country. It was because I was afraid to touch a sore spot, I was convinced she had, taught by my own experiences as a white but nevertheless foreigner in this country. This interview was the first time we talked about what we held deep inside us, as if somehow

Theo 104 Reflection Paper 1 - 642 Words

TOPICS TO CONSIDER FOR THE REFLECTION PAPER: Angels, Anthropological Argument, Arminianism, Assurance of Salvation, Attributes of God, Baptism of Holy Spirit, Believers Glorified Body Bible Study, Biblical Theology, Calvinism, Character Development, Christian Service, Comfort of God, Conscience, Contemporary, Theology, Conversion, Conviction, Cosmological Argument,Creation, Crown of Life, Deacon, Death Death of Christ, Deity of Christ, Demons,Denominations, Doctrine, Dogmatic Theology, Doubt, Elder, Election, Et , Jehovahistic Statements, Judgment, Eternality of Christ, Fall of Man, Fulfilled Prophecy ,Glory of God, Goodness, Gospel, Grace, Historical Theology, Holiness, Hope, Immutability, Judgment Seat of Christ, Justice, Law, Life,†¦show more content†¦Review the Reflection Paper Grading Rubric to see the specific grading criteria by which you will be evaluated before submitting your paper. Structure your paper in the following format (inserting the headings within the paper): I. Introduction (one paragraph introducing the two topics/doctrines that you will address) II. Part One (first topic: approximately one page in length) a. Theological Definition b. Biblical Foundation c. Practical application III. Part Two (second topic: approximately one page in length) a. Theological Definition b. Biblical Foundation c. Practical Application IV. Conclusion (one paragraph summarizing your areas of progression in Christian thought) V. Grading Rubric (this must be copied and pasted into the end of yourShow MoreRelatedTheo 104 Reflection 1 Paper1187 Words   |  5 PagesMy reflection paper is a reflection on what I have learned from my class and my understanding of the Christians views. In my paper today I will discuss two topics that deal with Jesus Christ. The first topic I will discuss is the fall of man. The next topic will be the death of Christ. These topics are very controve rsial and they are the ones that I struggled with in the beginning and/or struggle with today. The Fall of Man The theological definition for the fall of man is the transition of theRead MoreReflection Paper 1787 Words   |  4 PagesFebruary 10, 2013 Theo 104 Reflection Paper #1 I. Introduction This paper will be written to discuss ideas that have been discussed in Theology 104. This class has covered such a wide range of topics in just the first 4 weeks. The 2 topics I have decided to write about are the importance of personal testimonies and God’s grace. II. Part One a. Theological Definition A testimony is how one person’s Christian walk came to be. They are used to show how someone was saved. It tells about theirRead MoreLiberty Theo 104 Relection Paper1163 Words   |  5 PagesReflection Paper By Christopher Moore THEO 104 To know Jesus Christ is the best thing that can happen in a person life. It transforms your mind, body and sprint. I have picked the following three topics to share my experiences of knowing Jesus Christ. First, what can your local church do to better communicate God’s love to your community? Second, why are personal testimonies important in sharing the gospel? Third, Did Jesus claim to be God? These are the three topics that always sparkRead MoreTheo 104 Reflection Paper1243 Words   |  5 PagesHolly Peters September 13, 2012 Theo 104 Reflection Paper #1 Introduction: Within this paper I will be reflecting over the first part of Theology 104. This class has addressed many topics that have given me a better understanding on Christianity, the Bible and most importantly Jesus Christ. I will be addressing two topics that I feel are very important to Christianity the first topic being the Importance of Personal Testimony and the second topic covering the Importance of MaintainingRead MoreTheology 104 Reflection Paper1245 Words   |  5 PagesTheology-104 May 4, 2011 Reflection Paper Introduction Did Jesus claim to be God? If a person is a Christian, does it matter how they live their life? What can your local Church do to better communicate God’s love to your community? These are just three of many questions when it comes to being a Christian living in the world we live today. Section 1: Did Jesus Claim to be God? Jesus is never recorded in the Bible as saying the precise words, â€Å"I am God.† That does not mean, however, that HeRead MoreAngels Demons - 1 Essay1190 Words   |  5 PagesValerie Marica THEO 104-D48 Reflection Paper Introduction Angels are many times presented as being dressed in white flowing robes with halos and wings. They are usually depicted with long flowing hair and surrounded by bright white light. It is not unusual to see angels presented in movies, television and literature as taking human form and assisting people by performing various supernatural acts, such as flying or performing miracles. Angels are almost always presented as good and peacefulRead MoreTheo 104 Reflection Paper1067 Words   |  5 PagesReflection Paper My dad used to tell me all the time that we are all a work in progress. At the time I didn’t know exactly know what he meant. As years have passed on and my relationship with Christ matured, I now know what he meant. We as children of God can never be perfect, but what we can do is strive to be like Christ, this is what the definition of a Christian is, â€Å"Christ like†. I try to share the good news of Jesus, and when I do I like to talk to people about God’s Grace and through hisRead MoreDividend Theories and Their Arguments19045 Words   |  77 Pagesinvestigation, and scholars can often disagree even about the same empirical evidence. This paper aims at providing the reader with a comprehensive understanding of dividends and dividend policy by reviewing the main theories and explanations of dividend policy including dividend irrelevance hypothesis of Miller and Modigliani, bird-in-the-hand, tax-preference, clientele effects, signalling, and agency costs hyp otheses. The paper also attempts to present the main empirical studies on corporate dividend policyRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagescondition on any acquirer Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Edmonds, Ennis Barrington. Rastafari : from outcasts to culture bearers / Ennis Barrington Edmonds. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-513376-5 1. Rastafari movement. 2. Jamaica—Religious life and customs. I. Title. BL2532.R37 E36 2002 299†².676—dc21 2002074897 v To Donnaree, my wife, and Donnisa, my daughter, the two persons around whom my life revolves; and to the ancestors whose strugglesRead MoreMonte Carlo Simulation218872 Words   |  876 Pagesscope of a technique, I discuss them explicitly. In addition, an appendix gives precise statements of the most important tools from stochastic calculus. This book divides roughly into three parts. The ï ¬ rst part, Chapters 1–3, develops fundamentals of Monte Carlo methods. Chapter 1 summarizes the theoretical foundations of derivatives pricing and Monte Carlo. It explains the principles by which a pricing problem can be formulated as an integration problem to which Monte Carlo is then applicable. Chapter

Power Struggles in Society Free Essays

Mills, Schudson, and Gitlin show different approaches to society and the role of mass media. Each approach helps illustrate a different focus on society. They each hold special relevance in a discussion of the history of societal beliefs. We will write a custom essay sample on Power Struggles in Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Mass Society refers to the overall belief C. Wright Mills held in relation to the type of society he believed we live in. Mills began The Power Elite with a bold statement saying, â€Å"The powers of ordinary men are circumscribed by the everyday words in which they live, yet even in these rounds of job, family, and neighborhood they often seem driven by forces they can neither understand nor govern† (Mills, 1956, p. 3). This opening sentence helps describe the attitude and beliefs of the entire book. A â€Å"power elite† exists in a society that is made up of three spheres. They are divided into economy, political, and military, with the same group of people interchanging between the three. This large group of elite is at the top making all the decisions, while the masses are at the bottom, unaware of the process that molds public opinion. Masses within this view of society are irrelevant and do not have any type of influence. The media functions as an entertainment source, keeping the masses entertained while the elite is taking care of all the important matters. It helps keep the reality and truth of the world obscured from the masses. Mills explained what the media does for the masses as â€Å"they distract him and obscure his chance to understand himself or his world, by fastening his attention upon artificial frenzies that are revolved within the program framework, usually by violent action or by what is called humor† (Mills, p. 315). This helps illuminate how the mass media guides, tries to control, and manipulates the masses. Mills describes the effect of mass media as â€Å"a sort of psychological illiteracy† to the extent that we â€Å"often do not believe what we see before us until we read about it in the paper or hear about it on the radio† (Mills, p. 311). The masses â€Å"standards of credulity, standards of reality, tend to be set by these media rather than by ‘the masses’ own fragmentary experience† (Mills p. 311). Mass media’s role helps prevent the questioning of the elite. â€Å"Families and churches and schools adapt to modern life; governments and armies and corporations shape it; and, as they do so, they turn these lesser institutions into means for their ends† (Mills, p. 6). The family into which someone was born or marries into helps improve or decrease their social status. The school where one is educated or the church where one worships also plays a major role in the social standing. Schools teach skills to the masses that enable them to function in society. Institutions shape life and the masses adapt to what institutions create. The masses in the theory are very disorganized and not connected to others. An excellent way to describe to masses can be shown by watching The Twilight Zone movie. It is a state of total confusion for everyone, with each doing their own thing. The elite enjoy the state of confusion with the masses, because they are able to control the major decisions that must be made. They determine the policies and the people enlist in them. In the mass society, the elite control the policies and ways of thinking for the confused masses. Schudson approaches the nature of society in a much different way, through the idea of the democratic society. In Discovering the News, he discussed â€Å"an even distribution of income† and described the 1800’s as â€Å"more people acquired wealth and political power ‘bringing’ with them a zeal for equal opportunity that led to the expansion of public education† (Schudson, 1978, p. 44). When looking at society as a whole, you have them socially, economically, and politically integrated. Economic development was promoted and shared by many rather than few† (Schudson, p. 45). The press does not cause, but picks up elements, reflects, and builds from a democratic society. â€Å"The democratization of economic life brought with it attitudes that stressed economic gain to the exclusion of social aims; business practice more regularly began to reward s trictly economic ties over broader ones† (Schudson, p. 46). Schudson believed that society was grounded in the perception of society, with the middle class dominating and developing. Media’s relationship with its audience helped sustain them, but it did not create the worldview. The media cannot be proven to have many effects on society, and the ones that exist have to do with advertising as a cultural institution. Advertising functions more as a way of celebrating products and buying. It functions to remind and refocus as it orients people to the world and let them know that others share the same views. Advertising reminds us of things in society and reinforces some social trends. The trends and cultural symbols make us aware while reminding us of what we already know. Objectivity occurred in writings as a response to a problem, not as a correct way to see the world. â€Å"As our minds become deeply aware of their own subjectivism, we find a zest in objective method that is not otherwise there† (Schudson, p. 151). Objectivity developed in response to crisis, when journalism became so overwhelmed with subjectivity. There are three views in reference to objectivity. â€Å"The first view, then, holds that form conceals content in the news story. A second position is that form constitutes content, that the form of the news story incorporates its own bias. A third sees the form of a news story, not as a literacy form, but as a social form tightly constrained by the routines of new gathering† (Schudson, pp. 184-185). The â€Å"moral wars† in journalism showed each class held differing beliefs on what was acceptable. The Times wrote a speech by Reverend Dr. W. H. P. Faunce saying: â€Å"The press engages in a fearful struggle, one class against another. On one side stands the reputable papers and on the other, is what calls itself the new journalism, but which is in reality as old as sin itself† (Schudson, p. 114). Class conflict was the main reason for problems inside the newspaper industry. Different societal classes produced different types of newspapers. Schudson tracks the middle class because he fells it is the most important. He said the press emerged to serve the middle class audience. Schudson said the political aspects of society went from public to private. Reality was public, but became more concerned with what the individual was thinking instead of what everyone was thinking. Voting was one area effected by this new political and reality change. People began to vote in secrecy, such as in the separate voting booth presently used. This new secrecy allowed people to make decisions on their own instead of relying on others. Gitlin discusses how many aspects of society are the result of hegemony, defined as â€Å"the name given to a ruling class’s domination through ideology, through the shaping of popular consent† (Gitlin, 1980, p. 9). â€Å"Hegemony is a historical process in which one picture of the world is systematically prefered over others, usually through practical routines and at times through extraordinary measures† (Gitlin, p. 57). Society is maintained by hegemony instead of class structure. This type of society is possible because it has a common reality, shared language, common cultural forms like mass media, shared government, common education and religion, and common transportation. Hegemony says we live in a society where all ideas are not treated equally. As a result, we are predisposed to accept some views and slower to accept others. It is not a conspiracy theory but it holds that everyone is doing their job. The ideas of the dominant in society are being told. If someone outside the dominate group feels their idea is right, they must do something out of the ordinary to get attention. The dominate class is not particularly the elite or the middle class, but it is the group whose ideas are most important to be heard in society. We grow up in a world that already has meaning; we must therefore decide where we belong. In return, society produces the kind of people it needs. Many people spend their lives trying to figure out where to belong. The routines of journalists are the main way standardized frames are put into reporting. These routines are structured in the ways journalists are socialized from childhood, and then trained, recruited, assigned, edited, rewarded, and promoted on the job; they decisively shape the ways in which news is defined, events are considered newsworthy, and ‘objectivity’ is secured† (Gitlin, pp. 11-12). People think the world is being reported, but it is actually being created. Mills, Schudson, an d Gitlin share few beliefs in relation to the nature of society. Each believes that separate social classes exist and that each class relates to society in a much different way. They also agree that problems do occur within society and its current division, but at that point their beliefs begin to diverge. Mills and Gitlin are the most similar among the three. They both believe there is a separation between one dominate class and the masses. Mills believes the one dominate is the elite and Gitlin does not feel it is any particular social class. Schudson, on the other hand, believes there are separate classes with the middle the most important. The most persuasive is a combination of Schudson and Gitlin. Different times make the separation on which is most important. Schudson is correct in saying the media and society play off each other. Things which occur in society would not be made as important without the media stressing its importance and society tuning in to hear the details. Gitlin is also very true in his beliefs of hegemony with a ruling class being dominate over society. The world in which we live is very centered around the fact that one group’s ideas are heard through the media more often than that of others. The nature of society is explained differently when looking at Mills, Schudson, and Gitlin. Each person is very persuasive in the views they express. There are also weaknesses that exist in some of the views. Gitlin’s hegemony comes across as the most persuasive of the ideas. It can explain most things in society that the other two cannot. Society is complex in every way, but hegemony helps make it more simple to understand. References Gitlin, Todd. (1980). The Whole World Is Watching. Berkeley: University of California Press. Mills, C. Wright. (1956). The Power Elite. London: Oxford University Press. Schudson, Micheal. (1978). Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers. USA: Basic Books. How to cite Power Struggles in Society, Papers